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中評月刊:美國家安全戰略視域與外空新方略

http://www.CRNTT.com   2024-03-25 00:02:20  


 
                      註釋:

  〔1〕Artemis Program, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, https://www.nasa.gov/artemisprogram.

  〔2〕The Artemis Accords: Principles for Cooperationin the Civil Exploration and Useofthe Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purpose, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, October 13, 2020, https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/img/Artemis-Accords-signed-13Oct2020.pdf.

  〔3〕21世紀以來,美國對外空的利用與開發已進入以外空商業化和私有化為主要形態的“外空 2.0”時代。美國一些有名的文學作品包括小說《最後的邊疆》(The Final Frontier)、影視作品《星際迷航》(Star Trek,又譯作《星際旅行》)等,將外空稱為“最後的邊疆”,表達了對以高新科技實現人類探索遙遠宇宙的願景。

  〔4〕夏立平:《美國外空戰略與中美外空博弈》,世界知識出版社,2015年9月版,第76頁。

  〔5〕[美]丹尼爾·格雷厄姆:《高邊疆——新的國家戰略》(1982年),張健志譯,軍事科學出版社,1988年版,第5-7頁。

  〔6〕JohnHamilton, "the final frontier", New York: Abdo Pub Co., 2003, pp.43; 張茗: 《邁向“外空 2.0”: 美國“新外空”的興起》,載《世界經濟與政治》,2016 年第 1 期,第 115- 139 頁。

  〔7〕《外層空間條約》(全稱《關於各國探索和利用包括月球和其它天體在內外層空間活動的原則條約》,Treaty on Principles Concerning the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space Including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies,簡稱《外層空間條約》Outer Space Treaty),1966年12月19日聯合國大會通過,1967年1月27日開放供簽署,1967年10月10日生效,永久有效期。現有條約簽署國91個,已遞交批准書國家62個,已加入國家36個。該條約是國際空間法的基礎,規定了從事航天活動所應遵守的10項基本原則。1983年12月30日,中國加入《外層空間條約》。https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html.

  〔8〕《月球協定》(全稱《管理各國在月球和其他天體上活動的協定》,Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,也簡稱《天體協定》), 16個締約國包括:澳大利亞、比利時、奧地利、智利、哈薩克斯坦、科威特、黎巴嫩、墨西哥、摩洛哥、荷蘭、巴基斯坦、秘魯、菲律賓、沙特阿拉伯、土耳其、烏拉圭。法國、瓜地馬拉、印度和羅馬尼亞簽署了該條約但尚未批准, https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/intromoon-agreement.html.

  〔9〕Jim Bridenstine, "Funding a New Era of Exploration, Science and Discovery", Aerospace International, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, March 11, 2019, https://blogs.nasa.gov/bridenstine/2019/03/11/funding-a-new-era-of-exploration-science-and-discovery/.

  〔10〕114th U.S. Congress, "S.1297 - U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act", November 2015, https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/1297.

  〔11〕"NASA Administrator Statement on Return to Moon in Next Five Years", February 14, 2019, https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-administrator-statement-on-return-to-moon-in-next-five-years/.

  〔12〕Executive Order on Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources,The White House,April 6,2020,https//www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-encouraging-international-support-recovery-use-space-resources/.

  〔13〕馬特·赫羅迪和特里·邁因奇:《無人擁有外太空,但太空采礦會改變這一現狀嗎?》,《外交政策》,《參考消息》2023年11月22日第7版轉載。

  〔14〕〔44〕〔45〕National Security Strategy of the United States of America, White House, Washington, DC, the U.S., December, 2017 , https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf.

  〔15〕同〔14〕, pp. 47-52, 

  〔16〕President Donald J. Trump is Unveiling an America First National Space Strategy, the White House, March 23, 2018,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-unveiling-americafirst-national-space-strategy/.

  〔17〕"President Trump Signs Space Policy Directive 1: Instructs NASA To Refocus On Manned Space Exploration", AERO New Network, December 13, 2017, http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=358b2151-e3e1-41b0-b921-bbf9d7d67fee.

  〔18〕〔19〕The Artemis Accords:Principles for Cooperationinthe Civil Explorationand Useofthe Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purpose(《阿耳忒彌斯協定》全稱是《阿耳忒彌斯協定:出於和平目的 對月球、火星、彗星和小行星 進行民用探索和利用的合作原則》), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, October 13, 2020, https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/index.html.

  〔20〕《關於營救航天員,送回航天員及送回射入外空之物體之協定》(《The Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space》,簡稱《營救協定》,Rescue Agreement)。該協定是繼1967年《外層空間條約》締結之後,為補充該條約並使之更具體而簽訂的第一個協定。由聯合國大會1967年12月19日通過,1968年4月22日開放簽字,1968年12月3日開始生效。該協定規定包括各締約國有義務:(1)對遭受意外的宇航員給予盡可能的救助並將其立即安全送還該航天器登記國;(2)就宇航員遭受之意外通知發射當局和聯合國秘書長;(3)將射入外層空間的實體或其組成部分依發射當局的要求歸還該當局。且締約國有權請求發射當局支付為履行保護和歸還空間實體或其組成部分之義務花費的費用等。中國1988年12月14日加入該協定, https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introrescueagreement.html.

  〔21〕《關於登記發射外層空間物體的公約》(Convention on registration of objects launched into outer space, 簡稱《登記公約》,Registration Convention),1975年1月14日在紐約聯合國總部開放簽署,1976年9月15日生效。該協定規定,發射國發射的一個物體進入或越出地球軌道時,發射當局不僅必須在發射國登記,還應向聯合國秘書長登記。中國1988年11月8日加入該協定, https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introregistration-convention.html.

  〔22〕2007年聯合國和平利用外層空間委員會制定《空間碎片緩減準則》(Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space),該準則經過聯合國大會核可,雖然該文件不具有法律強制性,但得到了聯合國成員國的廣泛認可, https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/publications/st_space_49E.pdf.

  〔23〕"NASA and Seven Countries Sign the Artemis Accords for the Exploration of the Moon. Russia Declined to Participate", Universe Today, October 13, 2020, https://www.universetoday.com/148389/nasa-and-seven-countries-sign-the-artemis-accords-for-the-exploration-of-the-moon-russia-declined-to-participate/.

  〔24〕National Security Strategy,The White House,October 2022, pp.1 and 11, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2202.pdf.

  〔25〕Vice President Harris Announces Initiatives on Space and Cybersecurity, the White House, November 10, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/10/fact-sheet-vice-president-harris-announces-initiatives-on-space-and-cybersecurity/.

  〔26〕〔27〕〔28〕 United States Space Priorities Framework, the White House, December 1, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/United-States-Space-Priorities-Framework-_-December-1-2021.pdf.

  〔29〕In-space Servicing, Assembly and Manufacturing National Strategy, the Executive Office of the President of the United States, April 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/04-2022-ISAM-National-Strategy-Final.pdf.

  〔30〕National Cislunar Science & Technology Strategy, the Executive Office of the President of the United States, April 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/.../2022/11/11-2022-NSTC-National-Cislunar-ST-Strategy.pdf.

  〔31〕〔32〕A Strategic Framework for Space Diplomacy, the State Department of the U.S., May 2023, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Space-Framework-Clean-2-May-2023-Final-Updated-Accessible-5.25.2023.pdf.

  〔33〕The President's Budget for Fiscal Year 2023,the White House, March 28, 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/briefing-room/2022/03/28/fact-sheet-the-presidents-budget-for-fiscal-year-2023/.

  〔34〕United Nations General Assembly, "Treaty on Principles Concerning the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space Including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies", December 19, 1966, https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/isn/5181.htm.

  〔35〕National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "The Artemis Accords: Principles for Cooperationinthe Civil Exploration and Useofthe Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purpose,"October 13, 2020, https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/img/Artemis-Accords-signed-13Oct2020.pdf.

  〔36〕聯合國和平利用外層空間委員會(COPUOS)是根據1959年聯大第1472號決議建立的,簡稱外空委,現有包括中國在內的92個成員國。聯合國維也納辦事處外空司是外空委的秘書處。外空委的宗旨是制定和平利用的原則和規章,促進各國在和平利用領域的合作,研究與探索和利用有關的科技問題和可能產生的法律問題。

  〔37〕盧森堡2016年出台政策,由政府為外空開發企業報銷45%的研發費用,並設立了2億歐元的外空開發基金,對外空采礦企業進行戰略投資;2017年通過《探索與利用空間資源法》,實施外空資源開發的國家許可制度。

  〔38〕Jim Bridenstine, "Celebrating Our Artemis Naming Anniversary", Aerospace International, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, March 11, 2019, https://blogs.nasa.gov/bridenstine/2020/05/.

  〔39〕〔43〕"A Review of the President's Fiscal Year 2023 Funding Request for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation", Subcommittee Hearing, United States Senate Committee on Appropriations, May 3, 2022, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/hearings/a-review-of-the-presidents-fiscal-year-2023-funding-request-for-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-administration-and-the-national-science-foundation.

  〔40〕Elizabeth Howell, "Bill Nelson pledges action on Artemis, Mars and China in 1st hearing as NASA chief", Space, May 20, 2021, https://www.space.com/nasa-administrator-bill-nelson-first-congressional-hearing. 

  〔41〕"A report: NASA fears China will conquer the Moon, promotes anti-White 'diversity' programs on Earth", Justice Report, JANUARY 19, 2023, https://justicereport.news/articles/2023/01/19/report-nasa-fears-china-will-conquer-the-moon-promotes-anti-white-diversity-programs-on-earth/.

  〔42〕Staff Writers, "NASA Chief slams China's refusal to cooperate with US", Space Daily,Washington, DC, April 27, 2022, https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/NASA_Chief_slams_Chinas_refusal_to_cooperate_with_US_999.html.


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